Bentley

Bentley Motors Limited is an English manufacturer of luxury cars owned since 1998 by the German Volkswagen Group. Bentley was founded on 18 January 1919 by W. O. Bentley. He designed and made production cars that won the 24 hours of Le Mans in 1924, 1927, 1928, 1929, and 1930. Purchased by Rolls-Royce in 1931, when the factory was sold, and production stopped for 2 years, the name alone was used for a Rolls-Royce "silent sports car" made at the Rolls-Royce factory in Derby, and after 1945 in Crewe. Rolls-Royce Motors, minus the Rolls Royce name, has been owned by Volkswagen Group since 1998. The business is now based in Crewe, Cheshire, England, with the Central Production Facilities there. As of November 2012, China is the largest individual market for Bentley automobiles.

Bentley's winged "B" badge and bonnet (hood) ornament

Fate	Purchased by Rolls-Royce Limited in 1931, sold to Volkswagen AG in 1998
Founded	January 18, 1919
Founder(s)	H. M. Bentley W. O. Bentley
Headquarters	Crewe, Cheshire, United Kingdom
Area served	Worldwide
Key people	Wolfgang Dürheimer (Chairman, Board of Management) Woolf Barnato (Chairman 1922-1929)
Parent	Volkswagen Group
Website	bentleymotors.com

Cricklewood

Before World War I, Walter Owen Bentley had been in partnership with his brother Horace Millner Bentley selling French DFP cars, but he had always wanted to design and build his own range of cars bearing his name. In August 1919, Bentley Motors Ltd. was registered, and a chassis with dummy engine was exhibited at the London Motor Show in October of that year. An innovative 4 valves per cylinder engine designed by ex–Royal Flying Corps officer Clive Gallop was built and running by December, and orders were taken for deliveries starting in June 1920; however, development took longer than estimated, and the first cars were not ready until September 1921. Their durability earned widespread acclaim. Appearances were made in hill climbs and at Brooklands and a single entry in the 1922 Indianapolis 500 mile race driven by Douglas Hawkes finished at an average speed in excess of 80 miles an hour.

Performance at Le Mans

Bentley Speed Six

• 24 Hours of Le Mans Grand Prix of Endurance
• 1923 4th (private entry)
• 1924 first
• 1925 did not finish
• 1926 did not finish
• 1927 1st 17th 15th
• 1928 1st 5th
• 1929 1st 2nd 3rd 4th
• 1930 1st 2nd

Rolls-Royce stopped the racing programme.
It was on a visit to the DFP factory in 1913 that W.O. noticed an aluminium paperweight, and had the inspired idea of using the lightweight metal instead of cast iron to make engine pistons. The first Bentley aluminium pistons went into service in aero engines for the Sopwith Camel during World War I.

Barnato became chairman

Woolf Barnato acquired his first Bentley (a 3-litre) in 1925, just 12 months before he also acquired the business itself. With this car he won numerousBrooklands races. He was a member of a social set of wealthy British motorists known as the "Bentley Boys" who favoured the cars of W. O. Bentley. Many were independently wealthy, often with a background in military service. Barnato was nicknamed "Babe", in ironic deference to his heavyweight boxer's stature.
The Bentley enterprise was always underfunded, but inspired by the 1924 Le Mans win by John Duff and Frank Clement, Barnato agreed to finance Bentley's business. Barnato had incorporatedBaromans Ltd in 1922, which existed as his finance and investment vehicle. Via Baromans, Barnato initially invested in excess of £100,000, saving the business and its workforce. A financial reorganisation of the original Bentley company was carried out and all existing creditors paid off for £75,000. Existing shares were devalued from £1 each to just 1 shilling, or 5% or their original value. Barnato held 149,500 of the new shares giving him control of the company and he became chairman. Barnato injected further cash into the business: £35,000 secured by debenture in July 1927; £40,000 in 1928; £25,000 in 1929. With renewed financial input, W. O. Bentley was able to design another generation of cars.

The Bentley Boys

1929 4½ litre "Blower" Bentley developed in Welwyn Garden City by
"Tim" Birkin and pushed over W.O. to market before it was reliable

A group of wealthy British motorists known as the "Bentley Boys"—Woolf Barnato, Sir Henry "Tim" Birkin, steeplechaser George Duller, aviator Glen Kidston, automotive journalist S.C.H. "Sammy" Davis, and Dr Dudley Benjafield among them—kept the marque's reputation for high performance alive. Bentley, located at Cricklewood, north London, was noted for its four consecutive victories at the 24 Hours of Le Mans from 1927 to 1930.
In 1929, Birkin had developed the lightweight Blower Bentley, including five racing specials that started with the Brooklands racing designed Bentley Blower No.1.
In March 1930, during the Blue Train Races, Woolf Barnato raised the stakes on Rover and its Rover Light Six, having raced and beat Le Train Bleu for the first time, to better that record with his 6½-litre Bentley Speed Six on a bet of £100. He drove against the train from Cannes to Calais, then by ferry to Dover, and finally London, travelling on public highways, and won; the H.J. Mulliner–bodied formal saloon he drove during the race as well as a streamlined fastback "Sportsman Coupé" by Gurney Nutting—he took delivery of on 21 May 1930—became known as the "Blue Train Bentleys"; the latter is regularly mistaken for (or erroneously referred to) as being the car that raced the Blue Train, while in fact Barnato named it in memory of his race.

Car Models, Cricklewood

Bentley 8 Litre 4-door sports saloon

• 1921-1929 3-liter
• 1926-1930 4 ½-liter "Blower Bentley"
• 1926-1930 6 ½ liters
• 1928-1930 6 ½-liter six-speed
• 1930-1931 8 liters
• 1931 4-liter

The original model was the 3-litre, but as customers put heavier bodies on the chassis, a larger 4½-litre model followed. Perhaps the most iconic model of the period is the 4½-litre "Blower Bentley", with its distinctive supercharger projecting forward from the bottom of the grille. Uncharacteristically fragile for a Bentley, it was not the racing workhorse the 6½-litre was. It became famous in popular media as the vehicle of choice of James Bond in the original novels, but this has been seen only briefly in the films. John Steed in the television series The Avengers drove a Bentley.
The new 8-litre was such a success that when Barnato's money seemed to run out in 1931 and Napier was planning to buy Bentley's business, Rolls-Royce purchased Bentley Motors to prevent competition for the market of their most expensive model, Phantom II.

Sales of Rolls-Royce

The Wall Street Crash of 1929 affected the Bentley business greatly, with the Great Depression reducing demand for its expensive products. In July 1931, two mortgage payments on the firm that were guaranteed by Barnato fell due, and he advised the lenders that he was "unable to meet these debts". On 10 July, on the application of the mortgagee, the court appointed a Receiver to Bentley Motors Limited.

The Press Association understands that Messrs Napier and Son, aero-engine builders, have reached an agreement to take over Bentley Motors Limited which is in voluntary liquidation. It is expected that the matter will come before the Court within the next few days.

— Press Association, "Napier To Absorb Bentley Motors", The Times, Saturday, Oct 24, 1931; pg. 18; Issue 45962

Napier & Son negotiated with Bentley's receiver to buy the company, with the takeover expected to be made final in November 1931. Instead, a competitor named British Central Equitable Trust offered a counter-proposal at that time and outbid Napier in a sealed bid auction. British Central Equitable Trust later proved to be a front for Rolls-Royce Limited. for the sum of £125,000.
Barnato received around £42,000 in return for his shares in Bentley Motors, having bought a sizeable stake in Rolls-Royce not long before Bentley Motors was liquidated. By 1934 he was appointed to the board of the new Bentley Motors (1931) Ltd.
This attempted total obliteration of Bentley Motors and its founder was one outcome of a highly personal "vendetta" between the two engineers, Hives and Bentley, two men of quite different natures, begun in 1914 when Bentley was made official liaison between Government and aero engine manufacturers. Bentley's abiding weaknesses were in sometimes poor personal relationships combined with his apparent inability to curb spending on development. The 8-Litre was acknowledged to be the better if more expensive car. Bentley may have been the better engineer. He accepted the position of patron of the Bentley Drivers' Club just before the end of Woolf Barnato's term as its president.

Derby

"The Silent Sports Car"

1935 Bentley 3½-litre Cabriolet

Rolls-Royce acquired Bentley using an entity named the British Central Equitable Trust; not even Bentley himself knew the true identity of the purchaser until the deal was completed. A new company, wholly owned by Rolls-Royce, was formed, Bentley Motors (1931) Ltd. The Cricklewood factory was closed and sold, and production stopped for two years, before resuming at the Rolls-Royce works in Derby. Unhappy with his role at Rolls-Royce, when his contract expired at the end of April 1935 W. O. Bentley left to join Lagonda.
When the new Bentley 3½ litre appeared in 1933, it was a sporting variant of the Rolls-Royce 20/25, which disappointed some traditional customers yet was well received by many others. Bentley himself was reported as saying, "Taking all things into consideration, I would rather own this Bentley than any other car produced under that name".
All Bentleys produced from 1931 to 2004 used inherited or shared Rolls-Royce chassis, and adapted Rolls-Royce engines, and are described by critics as badge engineered Royces.

Car Models, Derby

• 1933–37 3½-litre
• 1936–39 4¼-litre
• 1939–41 Mark V
• 1939 Mark V

Crewe

1952 Bentley R Type: an evolution of the Mark VI, which was the first Bentley available from the manufacturer with a standard body

Post-war standard-steel saloons

Until World War II, high-end motorcar companies like Bentley and Rolls-Royce did not supply complete cars. They sold a rolling chassis, near-complete from the instrument panel forward. This was delivered to the coachbuilder of the buyer's choice. Then biggest car dealerships had coachbuilders build standard designs for them, which were held in stock awaiting potential buyers.
To meet post-war demand, particularly UK Government pressure to export and earn overseas currency, Rolls-Royce proposed to produce a rugged factory-built steel body to create a "standard" ready-to-drive complete saloon car. Rolling chassis were still available to coachbuilders, a tradition which continued until the end of production of the Bentley S3. Some years later and initially only for export a Rolls-Royce Silver Dawn was introduced which was the standard steel Bentley car with a Rolls-Royce radiator and this convention continued through subsequent models.
After World War II, Rolls-Royce choose to focus its aero-engine production on Derby, leaving limited space there for motor car production. Hence production of both Rolls Royce and Bentely motorcars was resultantly moved to the ex-wartime shadow factory in Crewe, Cheshire.

Bentley Continental

Bentley Continental, fastback coupé body by H J Mulliner

The Continental fastback coupé was produced principally for the domestic home market, the majority of cars produced (165, including a prototype) being right-hand drive. The chassis was produced at the Crewe factory and shared many components with the standard R type. Other than the R-Type standard steel saloon, R-Type Continentals were delivered as rolling chassis to the coachbuilder of choice. Coachwork for most of these cars was completed by H. J. Mulliner & Co. who mainly built them in fastback coupe form. Other coachwork came from Park Ward (London) who built six, later including a drophead coupe version. Franay (Paris) built five, Graber (Wichtrach, Switzerland) built three, one of them later altered by Köng (Basle, Switzerland), and Pininfarina made one. James Young (London) built in 1954 a Sports Saloon for the owner of James Young's, James Barclay.

Bentley S-series Standard Saloon

Bentley T-series Standard Saloon (l.w.b.)

The early R Type Continental has essentially the same engine as the standard R Type, but with modified carburation, induction and exhaust manifolds along with higher gear ratios. After July 1954 the car was fitted with an engine, having now a larger bore of 94.62 mm (3.7 in) with a total displacement of 4,887 cc (4.9 L; 298.2 cu in). The compression ratio was raised to 7.25:1.

Car Models, Crewe

• Standard-steel saloon
• 1946–52 Mark VI
• 1952–55 R Type
• Continental
• 1952–55 R Type Continental
• S-series
• 1955–59 S1 and Continental
• 1959–62 S2 and Continental
• 1962–65 S3 and Continental
• T-series
• 1965–77 T1
• 1977–80 T2
• 1971–84 Corniche
• 1975–86 Camargue

Vickers

The problems of Bentley's owner with Rolls-Royce aero engine development, the RB211, brought about the financial collapse of its business in 1970.
The motorcar division was made a separate business, Rolls-Royce Motors Limited, which remained independent until bought by Vickers plc in August 1980. By the 1970s and early 1980s Bentley sales had fallen badly; at one point less than 5% of combined production carried the Bentley badge. Under Vickers, Bentley set about regaining its high-performance heritage, typified by the 1980 Mulsanne. Bentley's restored sporting image created a renewed interest in the name and Bentley sales as a proportion of output began to rise. By 1986 the Bentley:Rolls-Royce ratio had reached 40:60; by 1991 it achieved parity.

Car Models, Crewe Vickers

• 1984–95 Continental — convertible
• 1992–95 Continental Turbo
• 1980–92 Bentley Mulsanne
• 1984–88 Mulsanne L — limousine
• 1982–85 Mulsanne Turbo
• 1987–92 Mulsanne S
• 1984–92 Eight — basic model
• 1985–95 Turbo R — turbocharged performance version
• 1991–2002 Continental R — turbocharged 2-door model
• 1994–95 Continental S — intercooled
• 1996–2002 Continental T
• 1999–2003 Continental R Mulliner — performance model
• 1992–98 Brooklands — improved Eight
• 1996–98 Brooklands R — performance Brooklands
• 1994–95 Turbo S — limited-edition sports model
• 1995–97 New Turbo R — "updated" Turbo R
• 1995–2003 Azure — convertible Continental R
• 1996–2002 Continental T — short-wheelbase performance model
• 1997–98 Turbo RL — "new" Turbo R LWB (Long Wheel Base)
• 1997–98 Bentley Turbo RT — replacement for the Turbo RL
• 1997–98 RT Mulliner — Ultra exclusive performance model

1984 Bentley Mulsanne Turbo

Bentley Brooklands

Volkswagen

BMW versus Volkswagen

In October 1997, Vickers announced that it had decided to sell Rolls-Royce Motors. The leading contender seemed to be BMW, who already supplied engines and other components for Bentley (and Rolls-Royce) cars and because of their long-lasting joint efforts in building aero engines. Their final offer of £340m was outbid by Volkswagen Group, who offered £430m. Volkswagen Group got the Crewe works and found it held the rights to Rolls-Royce's "Spirit of Ecstasy" mascot and the shape of that radiator grille but no rights to the Rolls-Royce name or logo. In 1998, BMW started supplying components for the new range of Rolls-Royce and Bentley cars - notably V8 engines for the Bentley Arnage and V12 engines for the Rolls-Royce Silver Seraph. It also emerged that BMW was able to terminate its supply deal with Rolls-Royce with 12 months' notice, which would not be enough time for Volkswagen Group to re-engineer the cars.
BMW paid aero engine-maker Rolls-Royce plc £40m to license the Rolls-Royce name and "RR" logo - a deal that many commentators thought was a bargain for possibly the most valuable property in the deal. Bentley was the higher volume brand, with Bentley models out-selling the equivalent Rolls Royce by around two to one.

Bentley Azure Mulliner 2003 Final Series

After negotiations, BMW and Volkswagen Group arrived at a solution. From 1998 to 2002, BMW would continue to supply engines for the cars and would allow Volkswagen temporary use of the Rolls-Royce name and logo. Bentley reintroduced the venerable Rolls-Royce V8 engine into the Arnage, initially as an additional model, and all BMW engine supply ended in 2003 with the end of Silver Seraph production. From 1 January 2003 forward,Volkswagen Group would be the sole provider of cars with the "Bentley" marque. Rolls-Royce production was relocated to their Goodwood plant in Goodwood, West Sussex, England.

Car Models, VW and BMW Crewe

• 1999–2002 Azure Mulliner—performance model
• 1999 Continental T Mulliner—firmer suspension

Modern Bentleys

After acquiring the business, Volkswagen spent GBP500 million (about USD845 million) to modernise the Crewe factory and increase production capacity. As of early 2010, there are about 3,500 working at Crewe, compared with about 1,500 in 1998 before being taken over by Volkswagen. It was reported that Volkswagen invested a total of nearly USD2 billion in Bentley and its revival. As a result of upgrading facilities at Crewe the bodywork now arrives fully painted at the Crewe facility for final assembly, with the parts coming from Germany - similarly Rolls-Royce body shells are painted and shipped to the UK for assembly only.

The Bentley line-up from late 2000s (from left):
Flying Spur, Continental GT, and Arnage

In 2002, Bentley presented Queen Elizabeth II with an official State Limousine to celebrate her Golden Jubilee. In 2003, Bentley's two-door convertible, the Bentley Azure, ceased production, and Bentley introduced a second line, Bentley Continental GT, a large luxury coupé powered by a W12 enginebuilt in Crewe.

Queen Elizabeth II's Bentley State Limousine

Demand had been so great that the factory at Crewe was unable to meet orders despite an installed capacity of approximately 9,500 vehicles per year; there was a waiting list of over a year for new cars to be delivered. Consequently, part of the production of the new Flying Spur, a four-door version of the Continental GT, was assigned to the Transparent Factory (Germany), where the Volkswagen Phaeton luxury car is also assembled. This arrangement ceased at the end of 2006 after around 1,000 cars, with all car production reverting to the Crewe plant.
In April 2005, Bentley confirmed plans to produce a four-seat convertible model—the Azure, derived from the Arnage Drophead Coupé prototype—at Crewe beginning in 2006. By the autumn of 2005, the convertible version of the successful Continental GT, the Continental GTC, was also presented. These two models were successfully launched in late 2006.
A limited run of a Zagato modified GT was also announced in March 2008, dubbed "GTZ".
A new version of the Bentley Continental was introduced at the 2009 Geneva Auto Show: The Continental Supersports. This new Bentley is a supercar combining extreme power with environmentally friendly FlexFuel technology, capable of using petrol (gasoline) and biofuel (E85 ethanol).
Bentley sales continued to increase, and in 2005 8,627 were sold worldwide, 3,654 in the United States. In 2007, the 10,000 cars-per-year threshold was broken for the first time with sales of 10,014. For 2007, a record profit of €155 million was also announced. Bentley reported a sale of about 7,600 units in 2008. However, its global sales plunged 50 percent to 4,616 vehicles in 2009 (with the U.S. deliveries dropped 49% to 1,433 vehicles) and it suffered an operating loss of €194 million, compared with an operating profit of €10 million in 2008. As a result of the slump in sales, production at Crewe was shut down during March and April 2009. Though vehicle sales increased by 11% to 5,117 in 2010, operating loss grew by 26% to €245 million. In Autumn 2010, workers at Crewe staged a series of protests over proposal of compulsory work on Fridays and mandatory overtime during the week.
Vehicle sales in 2011 rose 37% to 7,003 vehicles, with the new Continental GT accounting for over one-third of total sales. The current workforce is about 4,000 people.
The business earned a profit in 2011 after two years of losses as a result of the following sales results:

Deliveries, profits and staff

Year	Profit or loss € million	Staff	Total deliveries	Americas	China	Europe exc UK	UK	Middle East	Asia Pacific	Other
1998		1500	414
1999			1001
2000			1469
2001			1429
2002			1157		36
2003			1017
2004			7411
2005			8627	3654	500					4473
2006	+137		9387	4035	175	2024				3153
2007	+155		10014	4196	338	2166	2079			1235
2008	+10		7605
2009	-194	3500	4616	1433	489		897			1797
2010	-245		5117	1525	910	776	982			924
2011	8	4000	7003	2021	1839	1187	1031	566	249	110
2012	100		8510	2457	2253	1333	1104	815	358	190

Sources Volkswagen AG Annual Reports and press releases

Production

Year	CGT Coupé	CGT Cabrio	Flying Spur	Mulsanne	Arnage	Brooklands	Azure	Continental	Other Bentley	Rolls-Royce	Total
2000					1243		131	93	2	469	1938
2001					1049		205	114	61	352	1781
2002					883		69	50	61	147	1210
2003	107				607		62	16			792
2004	6896				790						7686
2005	4733		4271		556						9560
2006	3611	1742	4042		464		177				10036
2007	2140	4847	2270		357	8	350				9972
2008	2699	2408	1813		277	312	165				7674
2009	1211	722	1358		147	106	93				3637
2010	1735	843	1914	354		6	2				4854
2011	3416	677	2354	1146							7593
2012	3536	2638	1764	1169							9107

Sources Volkswagen AG Annual Reports

1998 Bentley Arnage T

Unsold cars. During the years 2011 and 2012 production exceeded deliveries by 1,187 cars which is estimated to have trebled inventory.

• 1998: Arnage saloon
• 1999: Hunaudieres Concept
• 2002: State Limousine
• 2003: Continental GT coupé
• 2005: Continental Flying Spur saloon
• 2006: Azure convertible
• 2006: Continental GT convertible
• 2007: Continental GT Speed coupé
• 2008: Bentley Brooklands coupé
• 2008: Bentley Continental Flying Spur (2005) Speed saloon
• 2009: Continental GTC Speed
• 2009: Azure T
• 2009: Arnage saloon, Final Series
• 2009: Continental Supersports
• 2009: Bentley Zagato GTZ^[31]
• 2010: Bentley Mulsanne
• 2011: 2nd Generation Continental GT

2005 Bentley Continental Flying Spur

2011 Bentley Continental GT (II)

List of Bentley car models

Category	Models
Current models	Continental GT, Continental GTC, New Mulsanne, Continental Flying Spur
Historic models	3L, 4½L, 6½L Speed Six, 8L, 4L, 3½ 4½L, Mark V, Mark VI, R Type, S1, S2, S3, T, T1, T2, Mulsanne, Mulsanne S, Mulsanne Turbo, Brooklands, Brooklands Coupé, Arnage, Arnage Red label, Arnage Red Label, Arnage RL/R, Arnage R/T, Turbo R, Turbo RT, Corniche, Continental, Continental R, Continental T, Continental S, Azure, Arnage R/T, Eight

Last updated on 4 September 2013 at 10:36.