Automotive industry

The automotive industry is a term that covers a wide range of companies and organisations involved in the design, development, manufacture, marketing, and selling of motor vehicles, towed vehicles, motorcycles and mopeds. It is one of the world's most important economic sectors by revenue.
The term automotive industry usually does not include industries dedicated to the maintenance of automobiles following delivery to the end-user, such as repair shops and motor fuel filling stations.
The term automotive was created from Greek autos (self), and Latin motivus (of motion) to represent any form of self-powered vehicle. This term was proposed by SAE member Elmer Sperry.

History

The automotive industry began in the 1890s with hundreds of manufacturers that pioneered the horseless carriage. For many decades, the United States led the world in total automobile production. In 1929 before the Great Depression, the world had 32,028,500 automobiles in use, and the U.S. automobile industry produced over 90% of them. At that time the U.S. had one car per 4.87 persons. After World War II, the U.S. produced about 75 percent of world's auto production. In 1980, the U.S. was overtaken by Japan and became world's leader again in 1994. In 2006, Japan narrowly passed the U.S. in production and held this rank until 2009, when China took the top spot with 13.8 million units. With 19.2 million units manufactured in 2012, China almost doubled the U.S. production, with 10.3 million units, while Japan was in third place with 9.9 million units.

Safety

Safety is a state that implies to be protected from any risk, danger, damage or cause of injury. In the automotive industry, safety means that users, operators or manufacturers do not face any risk or danger coming from the motor vehicle or its spare parts. Safety for the automotives themselves implies that there is no risk of damage.
Safety in the automotive industry is particularly important and therefore highly regulated. Automobiles and other motor vehicles have to comply with a certain number of norms and regulations, whether local or international, in order to be accepted on the market. The standard ISO 26262 (_See also main article:_ ISO 26262) for instance is considered as one of the best practice framework for achieving automotive functional safety. That is, to ensure that motored vehicles meet all requirements for safe manufacturing and operation for end-users.
In case of safety issues, danger, product defect or faulty procedure during the manufacturing of the motor vehicle, the maker can request to return either a batch or the entire production run. This procedure is called product recall. Product recalls happen in every industry and can be production-related or stem from the raw material.
Product and operation tests and inspections at different stages of the value chain are made to avoid these product recalls by ensuring end-user security and safety and compliance with the automotive industry requirements. However, the automotive industry is still particularly concerned about product recalls, which cause considerable financial consequences.

Economy

Around the world, there were about 806 million cars and light trucks on the road in 2007, consuming over 260 billion US gallons (980,000,000 m³) of gasoline and diesel fuel yearly. The automobile is a primary mode of transportation for many developed economies. The Detroit branch of Boston Consulting Group predicts that, by 2014, one-third of world demand will be in the four RIC markets (Brazil, Russia, India and China). Other potentially powerful automotive markets are Iran and Indonesia. Emerging auto markets already buy more cars than established markets. According to a J.D. Power study, emerging markets accounted for 51 percent of the global light-vehicle sales in 2010. The study expects this trend to accelerate.

World motor vehicle production

For many decades, the United States led the world in total automobile production. In 1929 before the Great Depression, the world had 32,028,500 automobiles in use, and the US automobile industry produced over 90% of them. At that time the U.S. had one car per 4.87 persons. After WWII the U.S. issued 3/4 of world's auto production. In 1980 the U.S. was overtaken by Japan and became world's leader again in 1994. In 2006, Japan narrowly passed the U.S. in production and held this rank until 2009, when China took the top spot with 13.8 million units. By producing 18.4 million units in 2011, China produced more than twice the number of automobiles made by the U.S. in second place with 8.7 million units, while Japan was in third place with 8.4 million units.

By year

Global production of motorvehicles

(cars and commercial vehicles)

Year	Production	Change	Source
1997	54,434,000		http://oica.net/wp-content/uploads/2007/06/cl98type.pdf
1998	52,987,000	-2.7%	http://oica.net/wp-content/uploads/2007/06/cl98type.pdf
1999	56,258,892	6.2%	http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/1999-statistics/
2000	58,374,162	3.8%	http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/2000-statistics/
2001	56,304,925	-3.5%	http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/2001-statistics/
2002	58,994,318	4.8%	http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/2002-statistics/
2003	60,663,225	2.8%	http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/2003-statistics/
2004	64,496,220	6.3%	http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/2004-statistics/
2005	66,482,439	3.1%	http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/2005-statistics/
2006	69,222,975	4.1%	http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/2006-statistics/
2007	73,266,061	5.8%	http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/2007-statistics/
2008	70,520,493	-3.7%	http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/2008-statistics/
2009	61,791,868	-12.4%	http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/2009-statistics
2010	77,857,705	26.0%	http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/2010-statistics/
2011	79,989,155	3.1%	http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/2011-statistics/
2012	84,141,209	5.3%	http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/

By country

World motor vehicle production by country in 2011

Reference: "Production Statistics". OICA. Retrieved 2012-03-12.

By manufacturer

World motor vehicle production by manufacturer in 2011

Reference: "World motor vehicle production by manufacturer: World ranking of manufacturers, Year 2011". OICA. November 2012.

Company relationships

It is common for automobile manufacturers to hold stakes in other automobile manufacturers. These ownerships can be explored under the detail for the individual companies.
Notable current relationships include:

• Daimler AG holds a 20% stake in Eicher Motors, a 10.0% stake in KAMAZ, a 4.7% stake in Tesla Motors, a 6.75% stake in Tata Motors and a 3.1% in the Renault-Nissan Alliance.
• Dongfeng Motor Corporation is involved in joint ventures with several companies around the world, including: Honda (Japan), Hyundai (South Korea), Nissan (Japan), Nissan Diesel (Sweden), and PSA Peugeot Citroen (France).
• Fiat holds a 90% stake in Ferrari and a 61.8% stake in Chrysler.
• Ford Motor Company holds a 3% stake in Mazda, a 12.1% share in Aston Martin and a 49% share in Jiangling Motors. Ford and Navistar International also have a 50-50 joint venture in Blue Dimond Truck.
• Geely Automobile holds a 23% stake in Manganese Bronze Holdings.
• General Motors holds a 7% stake in PSA Peugeot Citroen, General Motors and Shanghai Automotive Industry Corporation (SAIC), and has two joint ventures in Shanghai General Motors andSAIC-GM-Wuling Automobile. Both also hold an equal 50% stake in General Motors India Private Limited. And General Motors holds a 94% stake in GM Korea and SAIC Group holds a 6% stake. General Motors and UzAvtosanoat have a joint venture called GM Uzbekistan, UzAvtosanoat owns 75% and General Motors owns 25%. General Motors and UzAvtosanoat also have a joint venture called UzDaewooAvto both each hold a 50-50 stake.
• Mahindra & Mahindra and Navistar International has a joint venture called Mahindra Trucks and Buses Limited. Mahindra & Mahindra owns 51% and Navistar International owns 49%.
• MAN SE holds a 17.01% voting stake in Scania. MAN and UzAvtosanoat have a joint venture called MAN Auto-Uzbekistan, UzAvtosanoat owns 51% and MAN owns 49%.
• Navistar International and JAC has a joint venture called Anhui Jianghuai Navistar.
• Porsche Automobil Holding SE has a 50.74% voting stake in Volkswagen Group. The Porsche automotive business is fully owned by the Volkswagen Group.
• Renault and Nissan Motors have an alliance( Renault-Nissan Alliance ) involving two global companies linked by cross-shareholding, with Renault holding 44.3% of Nissan shares, and Nissan holding 15% of (non-voting) Renault shares. The alliance holds a 3.1% share in Daimler AG.
• Renault holds a 25% stake in AvtoVAZ and a 80.1% stake in Renault Samsung.
• Sollers JSC is involved in Joint ventures with Ford(Ford Sollers) and Mazda to produce cars.
• Toyota holds a 51% stake in Daihatsu, 16.5% in Fuji Heavy Industries, parent company of Subaru, and a 10% stake in Tesla.
• Volkswagen Group holds a 37.73% stake in Scania (68.6% voting rights), and a 53.7% stake in MAN SE (55.9% voting rights). Volkswagen is integrating Scania, MAN and its own truck division into one division.Volkswagen Group has a 19.9% stake in Suzuki, and Suzuki has a 5% stake in Volkswagen.
• Paccar inc. has a 19% stake in Tatra.
• Tata Motors also formed a joint venture with Fiat and gained access to Fiat’s diesel engine technology.Tata Motors sells Fiat cars in India through a 50/50 joint venture Fiat Automobiles India Limited, and is looking to extend its relationship with Fiat and Iveco to other segments

Top vehicle manufacturing groups in volume

The table below shows the world's largest motor vehicle manufacturing groups, along with the marques produced by each one. The table is ranked by 2011 end of year production figures from theInternational Organization of Motor Vehicle Manufacturers (OICA) for the parent group, and then alphabetically by marque. Joint ventures are not reflected in this table. Production figures of joint ventures are typically included in OICA rankings, which can become a source of controversy.
Note: This section does not include the selling of other products in a region example; CAT sells commercial vehicles in the US, Canada, Mexico, and Australia, and New Zealand. But sells its other products worldwide. If the table(markets) says that a brand is available in example North America, it doesn't include Territories controlled by countries on other continents. Example; GMC isn't available in any European territories within North America.

Marque	Country of origin	Ownership	Markets
1. General Motors Company ( United States)
Buick		Division	United States, Canada, Mexico, China, Israel
Cadillac		Division	North America, Europe, Middle East, China, Japan, South Korea
Chevrolet		Division	Global, except Australia, New Zealand
GMC		Division	North America, Middle East
Holden		Subsidiary	Australia, New Zealand
HSV		Subsidiary	Australia, New Zealand
Jie Fang		Joint venture	China
Opel		Subsidiary	Europe (except UK), North Africa, South Africa, Middle East, China, Singapore, Chile
OPC		Division	Europe (except UK), South Africa, Middle East, Singapore, Chile
Vauxhall		Subsidiary	United Kingdom
2. Volkswagen Group AG ( Germany)
Audi		Subsidiary	Global, except Iran
Bentley		Subsidiary	Global
Bugatti		Subsidiary	Global
Lamborghini		Subsidiary	Global
MAN		Subsidiary	Europe, Asia, Africa, South America, India
Porsche		Subsidiary	Global, except Iran
Scania		Subsidiary	Global
SEAT		Subsidiary	Europe, South America, Africa, Middle East, China, Mexico
Škoda		Subsidiary	Europe, Asia, Central America (including Dominican Republic), South America, Northern and western Africa, Australia, New Zealand
Volkswagen		Subsidiary	Global
Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles		Subsidiary	Europe, Central America, South America, Australia, China
VTB		Subsidiary	Brazil, Mexico, Nigeria and South Africa
3. Toyota Motor Corporation ( Japan)
Daihatsu		Subsidiary	Europe, Asia, Africa, and South America
Hino		Subsidiary	South East Asia, Japan, North America and South America
Lexus		Division	South East Asia, Japan, Middle East, United States, Canada, Europe, Brazil, Panama, Chile, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, India
Lexus F		Division	South East Asia, Japan, Middle East, United States, Canada, Europe, Brazil, Panama, Chile, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, India
Ranz		Joint-venture	China
Scion		Subsidiary	United States, Canada
Toyota		Division	Global, except Iran
TRD		Subsidiary	North America, United Kingdom, Japan
4. Hyundai Motor ( South Korea)
Hyundai		Division	Global, except Mexico and Japan
Kia		Subsidiary	Global, except Mexico and Japan
5. Ford Motor Company ( United States)
Ford		Division	Global
FPV		Subsidiary	Australia
Ford Team RS		Subsidiary	Europe
Lincoln		Division	United States, Canada, Mexico, Middle East, Japan, South Korea, China
SVT		Division	North America, Middle East
Troller		Subsidiary	South America, Africa
6. Nissan ( Japan)
Datsun		Division	Indonesia, India, Russia, South Africa
Infiniti		Subsidiary	Global, except Japan, Korea, South America and Africa
Infiniti Performance Line		Division	Global, except Japan, Korea, South America and Africa
Nissan		Division	Global, except Korea
Nismo		Division	Global, except Korea
Venucia		Joint venture	China
7. Fiat S.p.A. ( Italy)
Abarth		Subsidiary	Global, except Iran
Alfa Romeo		Subsidiary	Global, except Iran, China, Taiwan and the Philippines
Chrysler		Subsidiary	Global, except Europe (excluding UK and Ireland), Africa (excluding South Africa and Egypt), South Asia, South East Asia (excluding the Philippines)
Dodge		Subsidiary	Global, except Europe, Africa(excluding South Africa and Egypt), South Asia, South East Asia (excluding the Philippines)
Ferrari		Subsidiary	Global, except Africa(excluding South Africa), Iran, South East Asia
Fiat		Subsidiary	Global, except Africa(excluding South Africa), Iran, South East Asia
Jeep		Subsidiary	Global, except Africa(excluding South Africa and Egypt), South Asia, South East Asia (excluding the Philippines)
Lancia		Subsidiary	Europe (except UK and Ireland, Cyprus, Denmark, Norway, Iceland & East Europe)
Maserati		Subsidiary	Global
Mopar		Subsidiary	Global, except Africa(excluding South Africa and Egypt), South Asia, South East Asia
Ram		Subsidiary	United States, Canada, Mexico, Brazil, Middle East
Street and Racing Technology		Subsidiary	Global, except Africa(excluding South Africa and Egypt), South Asia, South East Asia
8. PSA Peugeot Citroën S.A. ( France)
Citroën		Subsidiary	Europe, Central and South America, Northern and Western Africa, South Africa, Madagascar, Australia, New Zealand, Asia (except India, Pakistan and Bangladesh)
Peugeot		Subsidiary	Global, except USA, Canada, India, Pakistan and Bangladesh
9. Honda Motor Company ( Japan)
Acura		Subsidiary	United States, Canada, Mexico, China
Everus		Joint venture	China
Honda		Division	Global, except Korea
10. Renault ( France)
Dacia		Subsidiary	Europe, Middle East, Northern Africa
Renault		Division	Global, except United States, Canada, Korea, Africa(excluding North Africa, Ghana, Kenya and South Africa)
Renault Samsung		Subsidiary	South Korea, Chile
11. Suzuki Motor Corporation ( Japan)
Suzuki		Division	Global, except USA, Canada and Korea
Maruti Suzuki		Subsidiary	India, Middle East, South America
12. BMW AG ( Germany)
BMW		Division	Global
BMW i		Division	Global
BMW M		Division	Global
MINI		Division	Global
Rolls-Royce		Subsidiary	Global
13. Daimler AG ( Germany)
BharatBenz		Subsidiary	India
Denza		Joint venture	China
Freightliner		Division	North America, South Africa, Australia, New Zealand
Master		Subsidiary	Pakistan
Mercedes-AMG		Division	Global
Mercedes-Benz		Division	Global
Mercedes-Benz Buses		Division	Global
Mitsubishi Fuso		Subsidiary	Global
Setra		Division	Europe, Asia, USA
Smart		Division	Global
Thomas Built		Subsidiary	North America
Western Star		Subsidiary	North America, Australia, New Zealand
14. Mazda Motor Corporation ( Japan)
Mazda		Division	Global, except Korea
15. Mitsubishi Motors Corporation ( Japan)
Mitsubishi		Division	Global, except Korea
Ralliart		Subsidiary	Global, Except Korea
16. Dongfeng Motor Corporation ( China)
Fengshen		Division	China
Venucia		Joint venture	China
17. Tata Motors, Ltd ( India)
Hispano		Subsidiary	Europe
Jaguar		Subsidiary	Global
Land Rover		Subsidiary	Global
Tata		Division	India, Ghana, Italy, Nepal, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Turkey, Nigeria
Tata Daewoo		Subsidiary	South Korea, Pakistan
18. Geely Automobile ( China)
Englon		Division	China
Emgrand		Division	China, United Kingdom, Turkey
Gleagle		Division	China
Geely		Division	China, Taiwan, Russia, North Africa, Middle East, South America, South Africa, Australia, Turkey
Maple		Division	China
Volvo (Cars)		Subsidiary	Global
19. Beijing Automotive Industry Holding Corporation, Ltd ( China)
BAW		Division	China
Foton		Subsidiary	China, Taiwan, Japan, Australia, South America, India
20. Chana Automobile Company, Ltd ( China)
Chana		Division	China, Taiwan, South Africa, Europe
Hafei		Subsidiary	China
Changhe		Division	China
Tiger Truck		Subsidiary	United States, Canada
21. SAIPA ( Iran)
Pars Khodro		Subsidiary	Iran
SAIPA		Division	Iran, Syria
SAIPA Diesel		Subsidiary	Iran
Zamyad		Subsidiary	Iran
22. Chery Automobile Company, Ltd ( China)
Chery		Division	China, South East Asia, Russia, South Africa, South America
Qoros		Joint-Venture	China
Riich		Division	China
Rely		Division	China
23. OAO AvtoVAZ ( Russia)
Lada		Division	Europe (except United Kingdom, Portugal and Malta), Central Asia
VIS		Division	Russia
24. First Automotive Group Corporation ( China)
Besturn		Division	China
Freewind		Subsidiary	China
Haima		Subsidiary	China
Hongqi		Division	China
Jiaxing		Subsidiary	China
Jie Fang		Joint venture	China
Vita		Subsidiary	China
Xiali		Subsidiary	China
25. Fuji Heavy Industries, Ltd ( Japan)
Subaru		Division	Global, except Mexico and Korea
26. Great Wall Motor Company, Ltd ( China)
Great Wall		Division	China, Taiwan, South Africa, Russia, North Africa, Australia, Europe, Middle East
27. Isuzu Motors, Ltd ( Japan)
Isuzu		Division	Global, except Brazil and Korea
28. Anhui Jianghuai Automobile Company, Ltd ( China)
JAC		Division	China, Africa, Brazil
29. Brilliance China Automotive Holding, Ltd ( China)
Brilliance		Division	China, North Africa
Jinbei		Subsidiary	China
30. SAIC Motor ( China)
Baojun		Joint venture	China
Maxus		Division	China, Australia, South Africa, United Kingdom, Chile, Malaysia
MG Motor		Subsidiary	China, United Kingdom, South America, Australia
Roewe		Division	China, Belarus
Soyat		Division	China
Yuejin		Division	China
Wuling		Joint venture	China
31. BYD Auto ( China)
BYD		Division	China, Taiwan, Russia, United States, Canada
Denza		Joint venture	China
32. Mahindra & Mahindra, Ltd ( India)
Mahindra		Division	India, South East Asia, Europe, North Africa, North America, Australia
REVA		Division	India
SsangYong		Subsidiary	Global, except North America and Japan
33. AB Volvo ( Sweden)
Mack		Subsidiary	United States, Canada, Mexico, Venezuela, Peru, Australia
NovaBus		Subsidiary	North America
Prevost		Subsidiary	North America
Renault Trucks		Subsidiary	Global, except Japan, United States and Canada
UD Trucks		Subsidiary	Global
Volvo Trucks		Subsidiary	Global
34. China Changan Automotive ( China)
China Changan Automotive		Subsidiary	China
35. Iran Khodro Company ( Iran)
Iran Khodoro		Division	Middle East,Northern Africa, Russia, Belarus, Central Asia, China, Venezuela
IKCO Diesel		Division	Middle East, Northern and Western Africa
36. Chongqing Lifan Automobile Company, Ltd ( China)
Lifan		Division	China, Taiwan, Russia, Middle East, South America
37. Proton Holdings, Bhd ( Malaysia)
Lotus		Subsidiary	Global
Proton		Division	South East Asia, Japan?, South Africa, United Kingdom, Middle East
38. Jiangling Motors ( China)
Jiangling		Division	China, Europe
39. Fujian Motors Group ( China)
Soueast		Joint-Venture	China
King Long		Joint-Venture	China, South East Asia, India, North America, Europe, Middle East, Australia, New Zealand
Xiamen Golden Dragon		Joint-Venture	China, South East Asia, Middle East, Africa, South America
Higer Bus		Joint-Venture	China,South Asia, Middle East, Africa, Russia, Eastern Europe, United States, Canada, Central America, South America
40. Kuozui Motors, Ltd ( Taiwan)
Kuozui		Subsidiary	Taiwan
42. China National Heavy Duty Truck Group ( China)
Sinotruck		Division	China
43. Hunan Jiangnan Automobile ( China)
Jiangnan		Division	China
44. Paccar Inc. ( United States)
DAF Trucks		Subsidiary	Global, except North America and Japan
Kenworth		Division	North America, Australia
Leyland Trucks		Subsidiary	Global, except North America and Japan
Peterbilt		Division	North America
45. GAZ ( Russia)
GAZ		Division	Russia, Europe, Central Asia
LiAZ		Subsidiary	Russia
Ural Trucks		Division	Russia
46. Shaanxi Automobile Group ( China)
Shaanxi		Division	China
47. Qingling Motors Company Ltd. ( China)
Qingling		Division	China
48. Ashok Leyland ( India)
Ashok Leyland		Division	South Asia, Middle East, East Africa
49. Navistar International Corporation ( United States)
eStar		Division	United States, Canada
IC		Subsidiary	United States, Canada
International		Division	North America, South America, Russia, Middle East, Egypt, South Africa
??. Fiat Industrial S.p.A ( Italy)
Iveco		Subsidiary	Global
Irisbus		Subsidiary	Global, except North America
Zastava Trucks		Subsidiary	Europe
??. Oshkosh Corporation ( United States)
Oshkosh		Division	USA, Canada, China
??. Yulon Motor ( Taiwan)
Luxgen		Division	Taiwan, China, Oman
Tobe		Division	Taiwan
??. Shandong Kaima ( China)
Kaima		Division	China
Jubao		Division	China
Aofeng		Division	China
??. Guangzhou Automobile Industry Group Co Ltd ( China)
Changfeng		Subsidiary	China, Russia, Middle East, Africa
Everus		Joint venture	China
Gonow		Subsidiary	China
Trumpchi		Division	China
??. Micro (cars) ( Sri Lanka)
Micro (cars)		Division	Sri Lanka
??. Rongcheng Hawtai Automobile ( China)
Hawtai		Division	China
??. Caterpillar Inc. ( United States)
CAT		Division	United States, Canada, Mexico, Australia, New Zealand

By total production

Quantifying the total production of a manufacturer, from their start-up, is a difficult task, because of frequent company ownership changes. However some producers, and independent sources, provide some valuable statistics:

• Toyota reached 200 000 000 vehicles as of July 2012 (after 77 years of production).

Minor automotive manufacturers

There are many automobile manufacturers other than the major global companies. They are mostly regional or operating in niche markets.

Last updated on 14 September 2013 at 03:47.